Vol. 9, Special Issue 4, Part D (2023)

This paper examines the traditional Hindu practice of hawan and its effects on farmers in rural India. Hawan involves the burning of materials such as wood, cow dung, and ghee in a ritualistic ceremony believed to provide blessings and protection for a good harvest, the well-being of the family, and the overall community. While hawan has cultural and spiritual significance for farmers, it has also faced criticism and controversy due to concerns about its environmental impact, animal cruelty, commercialization, gender bias, and accusations of superstition. This paper reviews the existing literature on the psychological, environmental, and social effects of hawan on farmers, and highlights the criticisms and controversies surrounding the practice. The paper concludes by discussing future research directions and the need to address the criticisms and controversies surrounding the practice to ensure its continued relevance and sustainability in the modern world.